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A Research Study On Adolescent Suicide Essay - 2270 Words

Facilitating Connection and Saving Lives The purpose of this paper is to detail a group aimed to provide support for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents. The paper begins by examining literature related to adolescent suicide rates, the lack of personal and community resources for teenagers, and adolescent development and mental health. The paper will then address the methodology, purpose, and goals of the group. The paper will address the role of the leader. He/she will utilize an Adlerian theoretical orientation and will be involved, directive, and authentic. The leader will attempt to facilitate social relatedness and corrective emotional experiences for group members. The paper will briefly review group evaluation, and it will examine potential ethical/multicultural issues that this leader and group may encounter. The paper will conclude by detailing activities that will be utilized throughout the six weeks of the group experience. Literature Review Adolescent Suicide and Distress One young person—age ten to 19—takes his/her own life every 90 minutes (Gould et al. as cited in Kitts, 2005, p. 622). Russell and Joyner revealed that adolescents who identify as gay or lesbian are two times more likely to attempt suicide than straight adolescents (as cited in Kitts, 2005, p. 624). The risk factor for suicide for gay and lesbian adolescents is not their sexuality, but psychosocial distress they experience due to their sexuality (Kitts, 2005). AdolescentsShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Adolescent Depression And Suicide823 Words   |  4 Pages Is There a Link Between Adolescent Depression and Suicide? According to data provided by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) suicide was the tenth leading cause of death for all ages in 2013. There were 41,149 successful suicides in the United States. Available data regarding completed suicides in 16 National Violent Death Reporting System states in 2010, 33.4% of suicide decedents tested positive for alcohol, 23.8% for antidepressant medication, and 20.0 % for opiates, including heroin and prescriptionRead MoreSuicide in Adolescents1087 Words   |  5 Pageshave attempted suicide in the preceding year. Given the lethal consequences of suicide attempts, determining risk factors among adolescents becomes especially important. Generally speaking, psychiatric disorders and substantial psychosocial impairments are known to be associated with suicide attempts. However, previous research attempting to identify specific risk factors in adolescents is somewhat ambiguous. Nonetheless, one thing is consistent. When measuring the risk of an adolesce nt committing suicideRead MoreLGBT Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Bases Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston1365 Words   |  6 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association regarded the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community as consisting of sociopathic individuals with personality disorders. Today, the stigma has lifted off of these individuals and relationships among the LGBTs are no longer crimes in the US and many other countries; however, select individualsRead MoreResearch Regarding Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescentes1064 Words   |  5 PagesA research was conducted on SSRIs and NSRIs associated with risk of suicidal behaviours in children and adolescents. (Tamar D et al., 2005). This is a randomised clinical trial conducted between 1984 and 2002. A total of 22 short-term double-bind placebo-controlled trials are studied. The study comprises more than 4000 paediatric patients and age ranges were varied between children and adolescents in the trials (p.80). As the results from precious findings have been ambiguous, this research aimedRead MoreAdolescent Suicide. Internatio nally, Suicide Ranks Fourth1507 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Suicide Internationally, suicide ranks fourth among the major causes of adolescents’ deaths (Peltzer Pengpid, 2015). Suicide ranks as the third major reason of adolescents’ deaths in the U.S. in addition to second in Europe (Shlosberg et al., 2014). In the United States, deaths of people among the ages of 10 and 24 are primarily related to auto accidents, accidental injuries, homicide, and suicide (accounting for 17%) (Shlosberg et al., 2014). The report also established that 14.6% ofRead MoreIn The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorder ( DSM-5 )?1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5) there are a number of disorders that are proposed as conditions for further study, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). According to the proposed diagnostic criteria, an individual must have engaged in self-injury behavior (e.g., cutting, burning, sc raping) on the surface of their body, at least five times over the last year, without suicidal intent. AdditionallyRead MoreCorrelation Between Non Suicidal Self Injury And Suicide Achievement1650 Words   |  7 PagesCorrelation Between Non-suicidal Self-injury and Suicide Achievement in Adolescents Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between teenagers with Borderline Personality Disorder who engage in non-suicidal self-injury, and teenagers with Borderline Personality Disorder who achieve suicide. The method this project will use is a simple questionnaire that asks patients four questions about their suicidal tendencies upon arrivalRead MoreSuicidal Adolescents863 Words   |  4 Pagesintervention for reducing suicidal tendencies in adolescents?† I found four journal articles discussing the results of experiments conducted on suicidal adolescents with use of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). The first article was a 2010 article titled, â€Å"Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Adolescents for Suicide Prevention: Systematic Review of Clinical-Effectiveness.† The second article was published in 2011, titled â€Å"Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A): A Clinical Trial for PatientsRead MoreCyber Bullying : The Third Lead ing Cause Death For American Youths901 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide ranks as the third leading cause of death for American youths between the ages of 10-24. Research has identified that bullying is an environmental stress that increases the risk of adolescent suicide substantially. Approximately 20-35% of adolescents report being involved in bullying as a bully, victim or both (Litwiller Brausch, 2013). Traditional forms of bullying include; physical bullying which involves the infliction of physical harm, emotional bullying which includes verbal harassmentRead MoreEffect Of Suicide Screening Assessments On Determining Suicide Risk860 Words   |  4 Pages Effect of Suicide Screening Assessments on Determining Suicide Risk in Adolescents Identification of the problem: According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 2015, suicide is the second leading cause of death in the adolescent population in this country and the number of occurrences continues to rise at a dramatic rate. For every teen that completes a suicide, 100 make an attempt, making suicide a paramount public health issue that needs to be addressed. Statistics show that since 2009

Solid Waste Management free essay sample

Management is an area that is drawing a lot of attention in urban areas. It is acknowledged that while the problem is acute, the financial support is inadequate. This project was conceptualized to demonstrate what could be done with waste generated locally, with minimal investments. This pilot plant is expected to provide significant impetus to the eco-friendly initiatives in the institution. The input to the system comes from the food waste that gets generated by the College Hostel. The system generates bio-gas using anaerobic decomposition. A separate compression unit also has been developed for compressing the bio-gas generated. The system is one of the very few attempts to use food waste as input. The applications that were planned to be demonstrated by the pilot are: ? Use of the bio-gas generated for cooking food in the Hostel ? Illumination of mantel lamps ? Running of an automobile using compressed gas. Overview of solid waste management in developing countries: Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries. T was the time when we organized study trips in order to learn bout the establishment of selective waste collection system started in Hungary in 1996. We actually designed on the site the systems and facilities still in operation, and they serve as best practice I respect of todays developments. At that time we had neither experiences nor time to control our ideas, however they have been verified in practice thereon, as the systems we have built as pioneers in Hungary still operate effectively and efficiently in line with their planned capacity. Based on the above experiences, ten years ago I decided within the new circumstances to restart my work mimed at obtaining a scientific degree in the field of waste management. That was the time of Hungary accession to the e, and due to Hungary commitments towards the e and the grants available, waste management has become a separate sector of the industry. This might have been the reason of my research work becoming more specific field, but to explore as indicated in the title of thesis technical, economic and legal interrelations, as well as to put forward development proposals. Hope that this goal of mine has been reached according to the readers of my work, too. Finally, I sis to express my thanks to the colleagues working at the faculty 2 of technical Consciences of the mistook university, especially to my thematic leaders and my colleagues and friends whose support and positive attitude contributed greatly to writing this thesis work. Background of the Research and Objectives as a result of accelerated socio-economic changes, both the developed and the developing societies have to face several new challenges in the form of local and global problems. N particular, the management and the decontamination of waste are tasks that require more attention and resources due to the counterterrorist lifestyle. Until the early asss, the regulations in force allowed for performing waste management services with simple meaner and technologies, therefore there was no need for securing professional background and equipment necessary today. N the second half of the decade, as the environmental regulations were made more stringent, the cheap services used earlier (transportation, collection, dumping) have become more expensive because of the necessity to perform technical developments. The logistics of collection and transportation had to be optimized, and the sparing of storage place due to the increased investment costs of the dumping sites required he introduction of effective compacting technologies. S a practicing professional, I have seen even in the middle of the asss that in the field of waste management in contrast with the sector of waterworks there were no models of industrial administration and we missed the professional experience related to this specific sector. The lack of the above hindered effective the planning of investment projects for modern systems, the selection and the sizing of adequate technologies, and the performing of efficiency calculations. The potential solutions included the ransoming of planning and sizing methods used in other specific fields in particular, technical consciences, systems of mining procedure technologies as well as the partial adaptation of foreign waste management systems. In my Job, I gained first hand experience about the level of applicability of optimization calculation models used in the case of establishing shafts or in transportation systems in the mining industry, in the planning of a waste selection site or a secondary raw material collection system. Y knowledge accumulated in the course of the above work and expanded on a continuous basis inspired the elaboration of the starting points of the present research, namely: how to plan a complex solid waste management system on municipality level that can be operated objectives, long term community interests, and global commitments use of natural and human resources. Then Methodological Basis of the Research the sustainable The methodological basis of the research includes knowledge and experiences accumulated in natural sciences, technical consciences and environmental sciences as a new discipline emerged around the borderlines of the former as well as the fields of economic sciences. N the course of studying the ecology system approach formed in the second half of the past century, I realized that although the biosphere can secure homeostasis for itself through organic feedbacks I. To grant that the important parameters of physiology remain within a specified threshold and to tend back towards the optimal value upon an external influence this does not mean that no waste is created in the ecology systems, as stated by some experts . To the contrary, the treatment of waste is an essential part of maintaining stability. N the course of billions of years, the processes of material and energy supply have been plopped successfully in an experime ntal way through self-regulation based on the feedback of information, resulting in a system selecting automatically the rate and the method of the waste to be returned into the primary processes and to be taken out of the circulation. This process is based on natural and organic feedback methods, on the basis of which the natural ecosystems can decide and regulate what is the matter to be recycled after full decomposition, and what are the parts to be stored temporarily or for ever. The man-made economy striving with similar problems today could follow the example of the ecology system operating for lions of years. Thus 1 c. P. So ©pa ¶logy, J. (2002): Pair  ¶kola ¶gig: AZ par  ©s a k ¶reenter capitols ¤nag Ã'ËœGrandson ¤as. (Industrial ecology: rethinking the relation between industry and environment) magmas doom ¤NY 2002. December. 4 in the case of the waste problems of the modern societies, we should not aim to recycle everything, but to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. T is useless to make excess sacrifice and to use excess resources to recycle materials, rather we have to make decisions on the basis of a given level of demand about what to return inversely into the primary economy. Therefore we need a system where the decisions on handling actually needless materials are based on adequate information collection and feedback. Waste management is an activity of a relatively short history, lacking its own methods. Thus it is necessary to examine the applicability of the methods of those scientific fields the characteristics if which are similar to the problems emerged in environmental and waste management. The area of technical consciences is a field like that, offering a method formed on the basis of knowledge and experience accumulated through several centuries, determining the actual potentials of exploiting and processing raw materials, on the basis of evaluating information collected from various fields of technology, economy, Thesis natural- and social sciences. It meaner more than a technical-technological system 1 . Analogies with the field of waste management. By taking into account individual characteristics and specialties, it can be used effectively in the elaboration of system approach-based procedures of municipality solid waste management . When the problem of waste was raised, the attitude to waste treatment was like an unregulated, prehistoric situation. T that time, space was sparsely populated, thus the management of waste was not problematic at all: the materials deemed unfit for further use were decontaminated aside the dwelling areas. With the increase of the population and the development of settlements with long term dwelling, the first regulations emerged, primary in the field of enforcing the principles of public health. In that period, the primary aim was to remove waste from the living quarters, in order to limit the danger of infections and diseases in the areas of high population density. The results were due to the development of removal techniques, but the storage of asset emerged as a task forming a serious professional challenge. When the aspects of protecting the environment were raised induced due to the pollution of the immediate dwelling quarters more attention was paid to where the removed materials were placed, in order to prevent further and greater 2 The statements connected to the thesis are detailed under subsection . 2. Contaminations e. G. The water bases in the neighborhood of a settlement. This way, waste management has become an individual duty of the population of the settlement, including the tasks of waste collection, transportation, processing and decontamination. The aims of compliance with the public health and environmental regulations in force, and the minimization of environmental burdens remained important Thesis 2. For waste management, but a new priority has emerged due to the socio-economic changes: the enforcement of environmental-economic principles has become more important, such as prevention, recycling, re-utilization and re-use. Modern industrial societies had to realism that in the age of less and less natural resources the environmental activities can mean actual savings, and they can be the fundamental tools of modernizing the economy and increasing competitiveness. Consequently, the attitude towards materials and waste had to be changed as well, focusing more on the conscious management of natural resources in contrast with the wastage of raw materials. Figure 1 . Summarizes the problems and the relevant socio-economic answers related to waste production, clearly illustrating the cyclical character of the process. Figure 1 . : The main phases of managing waste as a problem source Source: edited by the author There is a present and increasing demand for the utilization of waste as secondary raw materials and source of energy. That is why we have to pay a special attention to he treatment and further utilization of communal solid waste and industrial waste, as those materials mean a source of energy renewing regularly 6 in the short run while the amount of mineral raw materials decreases constantly. Realizing all the above, the environmental and waste management approach has emerged in respect of the treatment of industrial and communal solid waste: The essence of production-integrated environmental protection is the prevention of creating industrial waste which requires treatment and deposition. En of the most effective methods to achieve this is the closed waste management within the industrial site. The most important element of product-integrated waste management is the creation of the optimal conditions for closed-cycle material management of waste, by designing the products for best recycling performance. Figure 2: Waste management system for solid communal waste Source: CSS ¶eek-B ¶ham- Kiss OHO :4. The demonstrated process shows that the collection of communal solid waste is significantly different from that of industrial, production waste, created in a much larger amount. En of the reasons is that production-technology waste is usually created in a concentrated way in large volume. The waste is generated in the course of processes managed and supervised by experts, and prior to collection, adequate pre-treatment methods often take place in accordance with 7 the requirements of hand over. Industrial waste is usually more homogeneous than communal solid waste, and it contains much less or dont contain at all biologically degradable materials which may cause serious problems in the case of storage. Stories and companies must keep records and make reports on waste: it is a registered and controlled process. This type of waste is a significant amount in the awe material and waste management on national level, however, in respect of the topic of the thesis this is not the mai n issue despite of being more significant on the level on the national economy. The recording, placement and the decontamination of industrial waste is well regulated in the laws in force and there is proper professional background for the implementation of such regulations. Summing up, the treatment of industrial waste in the framework of production-oriented environmental protection is significantly more efficient and easy handling category than the treatment of solid household waste. N the case of communal waste generated by the population and by the institutions, the way of waste creation and collection is different than the practice related to industrial waste. The special features of the process are: it mostly takes place on public ground, in the public, the provision and the use of the services is mandatory. Because of the special character of the product-integrated waste management process, in the course of the collection and the treatment of the waste, the tracing of the waste requires constant control, since we cant regulate in details the activity itself. Breathless, this task cant be professionally to perform waste management on their territory. It supports the idea of establishing an organization suitable for the coordination of this duty with due account to all of the influencing factors (prices, technical parameters, regulations etc. . Based on the examination of the results of ecology and of technical consciences, it has become clear for me that the waste management problems mentioned The government decree 164/200 . (X. 18. ) korma. Deals with the records related to waste. According to the law, the producer, holder and the handler of the asset shall keep up-to-date records by site concerning the quantity and the composition of all waste produced during its activity, received by other meaner, handed over by others, and handled by him. Scores must be reported annually not later than the 1st of march after the relevant year, and the failure to make the report results in the obligation to pay waste management fine. Users must use the public service of waste transportation on the basis of the act Chili of 2000 taken effect on 1 January, 2001. The model proposed for the coordination of the task in shown in subsection . 4. 8 4 above can primarily be solved by applying the system approach that has already proved its benefits elsewhere. The creation of a system-model begins with defining the element suitable for the collection and the systemization of information, since we need input of adequate quantity and quality to start a series of decisions aimed at the establishment of a regulated system. It is followed by the definition of the part where the data and information are processed, supporting well founded decisions. Finally we must define the system element responsible for giving feedback to the commissioners, in order to pass a relevant decision. After defining the logical foundations of the system-model, I chose the methods of analyzing documents and preparing case studies to perform the necessary elements of the research. At the same time because the solutions with system approach always require the application of a multidisciplinary knowledge base I used the knowledge of planning and analysis gained in my technical, environmental, and economic studies. Presentation of the Research and the Results The first step of creating the system model in the phase of sensing and data election we need to apply a complex system of information collection and processing: in my system this is the waste analysis which can be used as a kind of stock estimation, in the course of which we can monitor the amount of the waste- components available as well as their composition according to personifications, in order to manage the depository capacity or to determine the amount of reusable materials. Waste analysis, therefore, must be one of the determining bases of raw material management and of technological planning. To supply adequate data for sections to be made in the course of planning, it takes more detailed examinations When the waste analysis used in the planning is not more detailed than the standard, the information available will surely be less than enough to elaborate the most effective I. E. The optimal technology line. That is why I propose on the basis of the experiences of the research performed to make a detailed waste analysis before planning regional systems or other waste processing facilities, in order to separate the screen fractions 6 ms 21420-29:200 9 under 150 mm into smaller fractions, by using screens of decreasing size by 10-15 ms, and to analyses those fractions by material components on the basis of their biological, chemical, and physical features. The next steps of the system model are data analysis, processing and evaluation. It can be performed by applying the approach used in raw material management and system approach. Raw material management meaner a complex decision preparing, managing and implementing activity encompassing all phases of the all the processes during the activity, including the harmonistic of economic demands with the raw material resources available on the basis of the laws of supply and demand. Waste management requires the same system approach, as there we have to plan systems by answering the question what expenditure is worth spending on obtaining from the waste the materials for further use? Actually today almost everything is feasible technologically, but we have to examine if the obtaining of materials for further use is profitable or not. Consequently, well founded decisions also in the field of waste management require calculations with a similar function as the exportability calculations used for a long time in the management of raw materials and mineral stocks. One should also take account of the fact, however, that Thesis the task of waste collection and treatment is a mandatory service to be performed and 4. Used on the basis of statutory obligations . Therefore, in the case of waste management, this process requires a complex cost-benefit analysis which in contrast with raw material management offers analytic and decision-making support not for deciding on exportability, but for choosing the operational method granting the most effective way of complying with the various obligations. T present, the waste treatment procedures complying with he laws in force are extremely complex and complicated, therefore they require a high amount of funds to invest, the local governments obliged to perform such waste treatment can only make with the help of significant support from the e or the government. N addition to that, the costs of operating the projects can not be covered by the incomes resulting from waste collection and treatment and from the income from selling secondary raw materials and energy. That is why various 7 8 9 10 The statements connected to the thesis are detailed in subsection 4. 1 . See the provisions of act Chili of 2000. See the details of the relevant calculations in subsection 2. 1. 6. The statements connected to the thesis are detailed under subsections . . 2. And 4.. 10 principles, in the course of planning waste management systems and during making decisions on obtaining secondary raw materials, the calculations used in the primary raw material management must be corrected the following way: the costs of transportation and preparation altogether the costs of waste treatment should not exceed the amount of the actual price on the world Thesis 5 market plus the amount of subventions in force in the relevant period. Consequently, while in the case of raw material management the efficiency of the exploitation is determined by the world market price, in the field of waste management, it is state intervention through subventions and sanctions that determines and influences the technical level of the waste management systems as well as of the potentials of enforcing long- term environmental aspects. The world market price is formed by internal market automatism based on the relation between supply and demand. The proper operation of the subvention system requires a mechanism similar to the market rising automatism, in order to make decisions and apply the necessary corrections on the basis of comparable information in place upon the waste analysis and the cost-benefit analysis performed. Fixing subventions is a complex and dynamic process of analysis and optimization, in the course of which we must take into account the reasonable and the sustainable utilization of both the economic and the natural resources. T meaner that when the level of the subventions is extremely high, the economic resources are used in a wasteful way, and when the level of the Venetians is too low, then due to reasons of efficiency the formation and the operation of environmental and waste management systems, necessary for the protection of natural resources, are Jeopardized. S a result of the tools of traditional marketing formed after the recurring overproduction crises in the late 19th and the early 20th centu ries, the actors of the economy automatically perform the collection and the feedback of information necessary for the production and the distribution, for the sake of safeguarding the market balance. On the other hand, the collection of information needed for the elaboration of the adequate form and the level of the subventions is not very important for the business organizations, however, it is necessary for making the right decisions. This duty can be performed by CEO- marketing formed in the last decade the ideology of which is very similar to the philosophy of the 1 1 I propose to set up a regional coordinator organization to perform the functions presented, within the legal framework detailed in the dissertations 1 . A practical example for that is the in Communal Solid Waste Management Kiss Tabor: Efficiency ND System Procrastinating network of agricultural integrators, organized and supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2. It Thesis 6 self-regulating system cigarettes operation of the biosphere, and the set of its should be different in the case of the management by covering not only the business sphere, identical with the traditional associations as well, as they tools is almost the local governments and thermosetting methods. Due to this two cant be handled regulations pertaining to the companies. Therefore the level of it would be much teeter to use the concept of coordination, which meaner the process state-induced or external interventions for the determination of subventions, Just of harmonistic the mutual interests of more parties, thus fulfilling an intermediary like the traditional marketing facilitates the formation of balance between supply 13 function between public administration and And demand in the business sphere. The business sphere . Figure 3: Structure of the coordination model I propose to set up a regional coordinator organization to perform the functions presented, within the legal framework detailed in the dissertation . A practical example for that is the existing network of agricultural integrators, organized and Thesis supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development . It should be 6 different in the case of waste management by covering not only the business sphere, but the local governments and their associations as well, as they cant be handled The statements connected to the thesis are detailed in subsection 4. . Integration: cooperation regulated in general by a medium or long term contract for one year or more, based on the mutual economic interest of the parties, where one of the interacting parties (the integrator) offers market- and/or production security for the other contracting party (the integrated party), and gives various services and/or financing to support the private agricu ltural producers 1 or companies. The integration can be either horizontal (between agricultural producers of the same production activity) or vertical (between activities built on each other concerning a give product line), or a combination of the above. The participants of the integration take common risk to a certain degree. 1 (Source: based on Annex 5 to the Decree /2003. (l. 24. ) FEM.) 13 The global problems occurring more often in the late asss, early asss raised a demand for requirements of market rationality in many non- market sectors as well. Using the tools of marketing is the (forced) answer to those challenges. On the other hand, the significant functional dysfunctions of the developed market economies result in a theoretical demand for a new definition of marketing: instead of / in addition to a market tool serving the purpose of profit making, marketing is seen as a general servant of the public good. In theory, the hilltops and supererogations in 11 The statements connected to the thesis are detailed in the tools of 4. 2. Their original or adapted form can manage the preparation and the implementation of an exchange of 12 type. However, decapitation regulated in general anomaly found and interpreted in the integration: organic development of marketing can by medium or long term contract for one any framework of or more, based on the (Errors 1995:144) year coordination on the market mutual economic interest of the parties, where one of the control 2 11 figure : Structure of the coordination model Source: edited by the author acting parties (the integrator) offers market- and/or production security for the other control 1 reacting party (the integrated party), and gives various services and/or financing to support the private agricultural producers or companies. The integration can be either horizontal (between agricultural producers of the same production activity) or vertical (between activities built on each other concerning a give product line), or a combination of the above. The participants of the integration take common risk to a certain degree. (Source: based on annex to the Decree 1200. (I. 4. ) fem.) 12 according to the regulations pertaining to the companies. Therefore it would be much better to use the concept of coordination, which meaner the process of harmonistic the mutual interests of more parties, thus fulfilling an intermediary function between public administration and the business sphere. It is the essence of the coordination model to promote the enforcement of the idea of system approach and the long term community requirements e. G. By fixing the adequate level of subventions and at the same time it does not exclude indeed, it includes he competition forming the market balance. Through the feedbacks and interactions generated by the coordination organization, the cooperation between the participants of the system can be regulated, by defining the way of collecting, forwarding, processing and using information. In addition to that, it offers feedback of results to the decision makers and regulators, and it controls the implementation of the objectives in line with the Joint interests. Thus, it creates and operates information channels, allowing the information to react automatically to the cooperation, in a short time upon the change. Can create a cooperation framework able of self correction and implementing effective self regulation, enforcing in the long run the interests of natural-economic sustainability. On the basis of the recent years experiences, it has become clear that we miss from the structure of the institutional system of waste management a central participant in charge of coordination on national level, who can coordinate the actors of the pr esent waste management market, and who harmonies the implementation of the various tasks resulting from the ex.s and the national commitments mentioned above in reticular the e projects. This organization should also coordinate the demands for development and create optimal (cost effective) economic conditions in respect of both the investment 1 The global problems occurring more often in the late asss, market sectors as well. Using the tools of marketing is the (forced) answer to those challenges. On the other hand, the significant functional dysfunctions of the making, marketing is seen as a general servant of the public good. In theory, the philosophy and the tools of marketing in their original or adapted form can

Shakespeare’s an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Shakespeare’s The two characters Richard, Duke of York and Henry, Earl of Richmond both prepare for battle by speaking to their soldiers, painting a antithesis view of one another. Richmonds oration to his soldiers invokes honorary revenge on the behalf of loved ones and of his country. In Act 5 and scene 3, the reader is given Richmonds point of view. Before giving a speech to his soldiers, Richmond had dreamt that he was visited by his slain relatives. His dead relatives encouraged him to win this battle over Richard who had murdered them. This dream message becomes the fuel that ignites Richmonds drive to conquer Richard and his men. Need essay sample on "Shakespeares" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Richmonds tone of voice, full sincere and determination for his soldiers, slithers into the opening of his speech in line 237 more than I have said, loving countrymen. (p.140) Instead of seeing his soldiers in a non-ranked way, Richmond brings them together with him in brotherhood hence his choice of word countrymen. This means his troops and him are end this together for the love of God. Richmond bond is together as gentlemen in line 245. Before giving his soldiers the last pep talk, Richmond reminds them the type of person Richard is. His speech colors Richard as a bloody tyrant and homicide. (line 246), a traitor and a murderer in line 255. Richmond is more concerned with moral revenge as an act of honor to his country, to his countrymen and to God. He uses persuasion as his sword cutting through the harsh reality of what has being going on. Such as in line 247 when describing Richard as not a part of countrymen, but as person who destroys men. By rebuking to call Richard by name other than one or traitor or tyrant, Rchmond persuades the soldiers a cold picture of an enemy; Richard is not one of them as indicated in these lines one hath ever been Gods enemy/then if you fight against Gods enemy,(252-254 ). The Duke of York continues on with this method throughout his speech, twisting and turning his words to build up the hatred that he has about his enemy onto his soldiers. He does this by reminding each soldier that he has a duty on the behalf of God and to think of each of their own lives if the battle is not one. As described within lines: God will in justice ward you as his soldiers If you do sweat to put a tyrant down, You sleep in peace, the tyrant being slain; If you do fight against your countrys foes, Your countrys fat shall pay your pains the hire If you do fight in safeguard of your wives, Your wives shall welcome home the conquerors; If you do free your children from the sword, Your childrens children quits it in your age, Then, in the name of God and all these rights. (254-263) At this point Richmond breaks the bond and separates this intention to encourage each soldier to think about their wives, children, country and God while out on the battlefield. He has become a leader-their leader. If they win this battle in do so in ommitment and in honor they will be loved by their families, their offspring will benefit and as indicated in line 256 , the soldiers will be at peace knowing Richard is no longer live to take from them. Unlike Richmond, who appears to be more sincere and honorable in who he is and what his fighting, King Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who appears to be more authoritative and direct. He es right into his oration without any regards to his men. There is no warmth but impatience with getting this battle started and over with. He provides them a dirty and ugly picture of Richmond and his soldiers. The opening lines immediately gives the reader this What shall I say more than I inferred/ Remember whom you are to cope withal. (p.143) Hearing this speech out loud, the reader believes that King Richard speaks rapidly without any haste or waste of words. He repeats over and over to his soldiers the type of people they will be battling. Unlike Richmond, who is mainly out to get King Richard, King Richard lumps Richmond with soldiers as one. He calls them vagabonds, rascals, runaways (Shakespeare line 316), famished beggars (Shakespeare 329). The Duke of Gloucester sees them as outcasts, a sum of Bretons and base lackey peasants, (Shakespeare 317). Shakespeare gives King Richard unpleasant imagery by having using grim words like vomit , cold, poor not only to describe the nemy but a reflection of King Richard himself as uncompassionate, cold-hearted, ruthless, and grim. The imagery of Richards enemies paints his enemies as vile and disgusting like rotten scoundrels in a sewer as compared to in this line For want of means, poor rats, had hanged themselves (Shakespeare 331). As he rambles on about Richmond and his soldiers, Richards tactic that he uses in his speech is sarcasm which is scattered throughout his speech. He does this to emotionally fuel his troops to win this battle. He insists this in hese lines: If we be conquered, let men conquer us, And not these bastard Bretons, whom our fathers Have in their own land, beaten, bobbed and thumped, And in record left them the heirs of shame (332-335) King Richard does not want his men to carry this shame so he pushes on telling them if they lose Richmond and his men will enjoy their lands and sleep with their lives. (p.143) However, he poses this in a question form Shall these enjoy our lands?/Lie with our wives? Ravish our daughters? (Shakespeare 336). Again, in his speech, King Richard connects with his soldiers. While one paints the other as scum and the other as a tyrant, Both Richmond and King Richard despise each other in different ways for different reasons. Both speeches reflect the type of men they are and the kind of soldiers they have by the description they each paint of one another as indicated earlier with several examples. Shakespeare purposely created both characters antithesis of each other that even the names are opposite. Richmond is soft and strong and Richard is cold and uncaring. Shakespeare gives the reader metaphors and similes in both mens speeches to reveal the characters feelings about one another. For example he uses this device in Richmonds speech in these line The prayers of holy saints and wronged souls/Like high-reared bulwarks, stand before our faces, (Shakespeare lines 241-242). Shakespeare uses personification in King Richards speech, but he does not highlight it. Whom their o ercloyed country vomits forth/to desperate adventures and assured destruction(Shakespeare 318-319). These rhetorical devices enrich and support the characters persona. King Richards character spills his harsh feelings towards Richmond, but in the speech, Shakespeare slides irony in the oration. Lers whip these stragglers oer the seas again. (Shakespeare line 327) King Richard calls Richmond and his soldiers stragglers but his tone of voice in this line and throughout the speech is that of a rogue. Shakespeare flips it around by having King Richard speak in a brash and fast pace way. Shakespeare wants the reader to know it is King Richard who is a straggler. Shakespeare doesnt do this with Richmond. He gives a leader type figure, in which Richmond speaks noble, calm and with certainty. The two very unparallel speeches provides with foreshadowing of what is about to come and who might win. The reader thinks it will be Richmond and his men based on t Richmonds speech and how her presents himself. Richmond has a purpose to fulfill; King Richard wants a battle to remove Richmond out of the way. The King doesnt express that side of him. He only addresses the aftermath of losing a battle. He sneakily gives his soldiers fear as hidden in these lines You sleeping safe, they bring to you unrest/You having lands, and blessed with beauteous wives/They would restrain the one, distain the other( Shakespeare 320-322). He wants them to worry about what would happen if they conquer their lives. He feeds his soldiers fear. Ironically, He does not provide encouragement or nobility despite him being the King of Gloucester. Shakespeare shows the reader this. Shakespeare intentions with these speeches are to draw the polar personas of both men. Works Cited Bevington, David. Ed. Shakespeares Richard II. New York: Bantam Book and Scott, Foresman and Company, 1980. Bevington, David. Ed. Shakespeares Richard III. New York: Bantam Book and Scott, Foresman and Company, 1980.

Beowulf Cycles free essay sample

BEOWULF To many, life seems to be one straight, narrow path but in Beowulf the notion of â€Å"rings† appears to be overwhelming. These rings can represent such diverse things like the course of existence, a hero’s glory, and vengeance. Through literal and figurative examples, rings in the poem represent reacquiring sequences and endless cycles. The idea of rings in Beowulf eludes the common thought of a â€Å"circle of life†. There are several situations within the poem where things return in a way in which they came. Beowulf opens with the story of the great Spear-Dane, Shield Sheafson. The poem reveals that he was abandoned as a child and found floating in the ocean. After his death, Shield’s people honor him with a lavish funeral and â€Å"decked his body no less bountifully with offerings than those first ones who cast him away when he was a child†(43-45). In this way, Shield (who has come from the sea) has completed his ring of life by returning to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Cycles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shield’s plunder and treasures have also traveled full circle, as they were returned to him in death: Far-fetched treasures Were piled upon him, precious gear†¦ The massed treasure Was loaded upon him: it would Travel far out into the ocean. (36-42) It was unknown if this was the Danish king’s request, but it is evident that the bold warrior Beowulf would want something similar to Shield’s final send-off. â€Å"If the battle takes me, send back my breast-webbing that†¦Hrethel gave me, to Lord Hygelac† (452-454) is what Beowulf tells the Danes before facing Grendel, one of the wretched spawn of Cain. By saying this it is clear that Beowulf would prefer his armor returned to its point of origin, similar to Shield and his possessions. Grendel’s Mother also wished for her son’s arm to return back from where it came when she broke into Heorot to retrieve it. This repeated representation of people and objects involved in cycles is another way Beowulf hosts the idea of continuous rings. Rings as a literal form are also present in Beowulf. As actual objects, they form a circle, which is in fact never-ending. Rings also create a continuous legacy for their wearers. Throughout Beowulf, kings are repetitively called â€Å"ring-givers† or â€Å"giver of rings† (353). This is because in medieval times kings would give their most valiant warriors treasure. When Hrothgar is notified of the arrival of Beowulf he declares, â€Å"This is my hope; and for his heroism I will recompense him with a rich treasure† (384-385). Treasure would sometimes include neck- or arm-rings as tokens of gratitude for the warrior’s noble deeds. In fact, Beowulf received â€Å"two arm bangles†¦and rings† (1903-1904) for smiting Grendel and freeing Hrothgar’s people from his reign of terror. When worn these rings would be seen by many and would have the wearer recognized for their heroic feats. In Beowulf, recognition and fame are two themes that go hand and hand. By becoming well known from one’s actions, fame would be achieved. And in fame, comes eternal glory and a continuous place in history; much like the continuous structure of a ring or loop. A halo of vengeance is embodied within countless characters in the poem. This omnipresence surrounds individuals and monsters alike and drives them to an endless ring of revenge. It first starts when Grendel attacks the Danes in Hrothgar’s mead-hall, Heorot. His reign of terror lasts for 12 years. He â€Å"grabbed thirty men from their resting places† (122-123), took them to his lair, and brought back their butchered bodies. None other than the hero, Beowulf, could continue this early cycle of payback. Once he arrived in Heorot, he decided to face the monster unarmed. Even so, the mighty Geat ripped the outcast’s limb off, causing the â€Å"sinews to split and the bone-lappings to burst† (816-817). Accordingly, Grendel’s mother did not take the death of her son lightly. She too wreaked havoc on the mead hall by killing one of Hrothgar’s favorite warriors. At this, Beowulf stroke back and killed her. This ceaseless cycle of vengeance is another expression of â€Å"rings† in Beowulf. Again and again, the idea of an eternal, continuous, â€Å"ring† is presented in Beowulf. Through life and death, people and objects seem to return to where they once came. In the course of a hero’s career, kings have the power of providing him with undying fame. And finally, a cycle in also found through vengeance and abiding feuds.

Concept Of Gender Inequality Gender Socialization Children And Young People Essay Essays

Concept Of Gender Inequality Gender Socialization Children And Young People Essay Essays Concept Of Gender Inequality Gender Socialization Children And Young People Essay Paper Concept Of Gender Inequality Gender Socialization Children And Young People Essay Paper Harmonizing to many sociologists, there exists difference between sex and gender. Sexual activity is the biological categorization and gender is the result of societal building of separate functions of males and females. Harmonizing to Lorber ( 2005 ) , maleness and muliebrity is non congenital that is kids are taught these traits. Equally shortly as a kid is identified as being a male or female so everybody start handling him or her as such. Children learn to travel in gendered ways through the support of his environment. They are learning the gendered functions projected person who is female or male. As the kid grows up, he develops his individuality, cognize how to interact with others and larn the function to play in the society. Lorber, Judith. 2005. Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender. In The Spirit of Sociology: A Reader, erectile dysfunction. R. Matson, 292-305.New York: Penguin. There are many drivers involved in the socialisation procedure which transmits the traditional gender function to the kids and henceforth taking to occupational segregation subsequently on. One set of gender socialisation occur between parents and offspring. Parents are considered to be the primary bureau in the procedure of socialisation. They are inclined to interact with male childs and misss in distinct manners. For illustration, a one twelvemonth old babe is considered to hold no sex difference, and nevertheless, parents are likely to move with male childs and misss in dissimilar ways. They react to male childs, when they seek involvement by being aggressive and misss when they use gestures. Such interaction have long term consequence on misss and male childs communicating manners, taking male childs to more self-asserting manners and misss with more affectional manners. Ann Oakley and Ruth Hartley ( 1974 ) , surveies point out four chief ways in which socialisation into gender functions occur. First, using diverse physical and verbal uses to the kid, for illustration, dressing a miss in feminine apparels. Second, pulling the kid attending towards gender-identified playthings. This is known as canalisation whereby, male childs and misss are given certain playthings, vesture, athleticss equipment, and other objects are frequently culturally identified more with one gender than the other. Boys playthings tend to promote physical activity, whereas misss playthings tend to emphasize physical propinquity and mother-child talk. Harmonizing to Oakley ( 1974 ) , the socialisation procedure assistance to the care of male laterality and female subservience. The functions learn through the above procedure form grownup behavior and hence, contribute to the reproduction of differences in behaviour of males and females. Third, Applies Different Verbal Descriptions to the Same Behavior: Even old ages subsequently, working in professional callings, adult females might happen that they have to cover with different criterions for the same behaviour, being called pushy, for illustration, for behaviour at work that in work forces is admired for being aggressive. The same thing happens in childhood: A male child is encouraged for being active, where as a miss is rebuked for being excessively unsmooth. Or a miss is complimented for being gentle, but a male child is criticized for non being competitory plenty. _ Encourages or Discourages Certain Stereotypical Gender-Identified Activities: As a male child, were you asked to assist female parent with stitching, cookery, ironing, and the similar? As a miss, were you made to assist dad make yard work, shovel snow, takeout the rubbish, and so on? For most kids, it s frequently the contrary. Note thatthe designation of misss with indoor domestic jobs and male childs with outdoorchores becomes developing for stereotyped gender functions ( McHale et Al. 1990 ; Blair 1992 ; Leaper 2002 ; Shellenbarger 2006 ) . The instruction system is besides considered to be a major portion of the gender socialization procedure. The concealed course of study is known for reenforcing the traditional theoretical account of how misss and male childs look and act through the usage of class stuff. For illustration, instructors reinforces gender functions by promoting male childs and misss to develop different accomplishments. Harmonizing to Thorne ( 1993 ) , kids besides divide themselves along gender lines in the tiffin room, claiming different infinites of the resort area, and frequently sanction persons who violate gender functions. Mass media are one of the most powerful tools of gender socialisation because telecasting, magazines, wireless, newspapers, picture games, films, and the Internet are omnipresent in American civilization. Like other societal establishments, mass media reinforce traditional gender functions. Magazines targeted at misss and adult females emphasize the importance of physical visual aspect every bit good as determination, pleasing, and maintaining a adult male. While male childs and work forces s magazines besides focus on the importance of physical visual aspect, they besides stress the importance of fiscal success, competitory avocations, and pulling adult females for sexual brushs ( instead than enduring relationships ) . These supposed masculine and feminine features and behaviours are reinforced across the media system, from video games and films that show athletic heroes delivering thin and bosomy demoiselles in hurt, to telecasting plans that depict adult females as homemakers, nurses, and secretaries and work forces as attorneies, physicians, and corporate barons. Print media besides play an of import function in socialisation. In kids s literature, for illustration, boys typically are the supporters, who use strength and intelligence to get the better of an obstruction. When misss are included in narratives, they are typically inactive followings of the male leader or assistants eager to back up the male supporter in his program. This province of personal businesss is undergoing alteration, nevertheless. An increasing figure of telecasting shows ( Zena: Warrior Princess, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Alias, and Veronica Mars ) , films ( Laura Croft: Tomb Raider and Elektra ) , and books ( Harry Potter ) have crafted new visions of maleness and muliebrity. It remains to beseen if these images take clasp and affect gender socialisation processes. Mass media They besides learn gender functions, the behaviour and activities expected of person who is male or female. These outlooks channel male and female energies in different gender- appropriate waies. As kids learn to look and act like male childs or misss, most reproduce and perpetuate their society s version of how the two sexes should be. When kids fail to act in gender-appropriate ways, their character becomes suspect ( Lorber 2005 ) . Lorber, Judith. 2005. Night to HisDay: The Social Construction ofGender. In The Spirit of Sociology: A Reader, erectile dysfunction. R. Matson, 292-305.New York: Penguin. At the minimal people call misss who violate the regulations romps and male childs who do so pantywaists. The gender socialisation procedure may be direct or indirect. It is indirect when kids learn gender outlooks by detecting others words and behaviour, such as the gags, remarks, and narratives they hear about work forces and adult females or portraitures of work forces and adult females they see in magazines, books, and on telecasting ( Raag and Rackliff1998 ) . Raag, Tarja, and Christine Rackliff.1998. Preschoolers Awarenessof Social Expectations of Gender: Relationships to Toy Choices. Sex Functions: A Journal of Research38 ( 9-10 ) : 685. Socialization is direct when signifi buzzword others deliberately convey the social outlooks to kids. Agents of Socialization Agents of socialisation are the important people, groups, and establishments that act to determine our gender identity-whether we identify as male, female, or something in between. Agents of socialisation include household, schoolmates, equals, instructors, spiritual leaders, popular civilization, and mass media. Child development specializer Beverly Fagot and her co-workers ( 1985 ) observed how preschool instructors shape gender individuality. Specifically, the research workers focused on how yearlings, ages 12 and 24 months, in a drama group interacted and communicated with one another and how instructors responded to the kids s efforts to pass on. Fagot, Beverly, Richard Hagan, Mary Driver Leinbach, and Sandra Kronsberg. 1985. Differential Chemical reactions to Assertive and Communicative Acts of Toddler Boys and Girls. Child Development 56 ( 6 ) : 1499-1505. Fagot found no differences in the interaction manners of 12-month-old male childs and misss: All of the kids communicated by gestures, soft touches, whining, shouting, and shriek. The instructors, nevertheless, interacted with them in gender-specifi degree Celsius ways. They were more likely to react to misss who communicated in gentle, feminine ways and to boys who communicated in self-asserting, masculine ways. That is, the instructors tended to disregard miss s self-asserting Acts of the Apostless but respond to boys self-asserting Acts of the Apostless. Therefore, by the clip these yearlings were two, they communicated in really different ways. Fagot s research was conducted more than 20 old ages ago. A more recent survey found that early childhood instructors are more accepting of misss cross-gender behaviours and geographic expeditions than they are of male childs . Harmonizing to this research, instructors believe that male childs who behave like pantywaists are at greater hazard of turning up to be homosexual and psychologically ill-adjusted than are misss who behave like romps. This fi nding suggests that while American society has expanded the scope of behaviours and visual aspects deemed acceptable for misss, it has non extended the scope for male childs in the same manner ( Cahill and Adams 1997 ) . Children s plaything and celebrated images of males and females fi gure conspicuously in the socialisation procedure, along with the ways in which grownups treat kids. BarbieAÂ ® dolls, for illustration, have been marketed since 1959 with the intent of animating small misss to believe about what they wanted to be when they grew up. The dolls are available in 67 states. An estimated 95 per centum of misss between ages 3 and 11 in the United States have BarbieAÂ ® dolls, which come in several different tegument colourss and 45 nationalities ( Mattel 2010 ) .

Late 20th century United States history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Late 20th century United States history - Essay Example Truman operated on the policy of containment through war by proxy. This was due to the Truman doctrine that said that the United States would supply aid and weapons to those people in nations that were being threatened by communist pressures. In addition, the Truman administration made great use of the CIA, Central Intelligence Agency. This was in order to gain intel on the enemy and combat their espionage program, the KGB. Thus, the Truman administration took a far greater stance on containment than did any other president, most notably with the failed attempt in Vietnam. The Regan administration, seeing the response and failures of his predecessor, took a different route on containment. He was more in favor of peaceful coexistence, which was achieved through diplomatic channels. Rather than aiding forces directly with American troops, the Regan doctrine allowed the United States to supply enemies of communism with weapons and economic support. Because the United States had a stronger economy, Regan built up a nuclear stockpile in which the Soviets could not keep up. Ultimately, this along with other internal failures, lead to the fall of the Soviet Union and the survival of the world’s last superpower. Between the two presidents, there was a lot learned from the differing strategies on the policy of containment. Adaptive leadership helped the United States adapt and overcome obstacles, which lead to the fall of the Soviet